what is shavuot how it is related to pentecost?

Christian vacation commemorating the Holy Spirit's descent upon the Apostles

Pentecost
Fresco of the pentecostal dove (representing the Holy Spirit) at the Karlskirche in Vienna, Austria.
Besides called	Whitsunday (Republic of ireland, United kingdom) Trinity Sunday (Eastern Orthodoxy)
Observed by	Roman Catholics, Eastern Catholics, Old Catholics, Lutherans, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglicans and other Christians
Type	Christian
Significance	Celebrates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles and other followers of Jesus; birth of the Church
Celebrations	Church services, festive meals, processions, baptism, confirmation, ordination, folk customs, dancing, spring & woodland rites, festive vesture
Observances	Prayer, vigils, fasting (pre-festival), novenas, retreats, Holy Communion, litany
Begins	7th Dominicus After Easter
Date	Easter + 49 days
2021 engagement	May 23 (Western) June 20 (Eastern)
2022 date	June v[1] (Western) June 12 (Eastern)
2023 date	May 28 (Western) June four (Eastern)
2024 date	May 19 (Western) June 23 (Eastern)
Related to	Jesus Day, Shavuot, Rosalia, Light-green Calendar week, Pinkster, Whit Monday, Whit Tuesday, Whit Friday, Trinity Sunday

The Christian holiday of Pentecost is celebrated on the 50th day (the 7th Sunday) from Easter Sunday.^[two] It commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles and other followers of Jesus Christ while they were in Jerusalem jubilant the Feast of Weeks, as described in the Acts of the Apostles (Acts ii:1–31).

The holiday is also called "Whit Sunday", "Whitsunday" or "Whitsun", especially in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, where traditionally the next 24-hour interval, Whit Monday, was as well a public holiday (since 1971 fixed past statute on the concluding Mon in May). The Monday after Pentecost is a legal holiday in many European countries.

In Eastern Christianity, Pentecost can also refer to the entire fifty days of Easter through Pentecost inclusive; hence the book containing the liturgical texts is called the "Pentecostarion". Since its appointment depends on the date of Easter, Pentecost is a "moveable feast".

Pentecost is one of the Great feasts in the Eastern Orthodox Church building, a Solemnity in the Roman Rite of the Cosmic Church, a Festival in the Lutheran Churches, and a Principal Feast in the Anglican Communion. Many Christian denominations provide a special liturgy for this holy commemoration.

Etymology [edit]

The term Pentecost comes from the Greek Πεντηκοστή ( Pentēkostē ) meaning "fiftieth". It refers to the Jewish festival of Shavuot historic on the fiftieth day later on Passover. It is also known equally the "Feast of Weeks"^[i] and the "Feast of l days" in rabbinic tradition.^[5]

The Septuagint uses the term Pentēkostē to refer to the "Feast of Pentecost" only twice, in the Book of Tobit and 2 Maccabees, which are deuterocanonical/apocryphal books in the Bible.^{[six] [7] [8]} The term Pentecost appears in the Septuagint as ane of the names for the Festival of Weeks.^[9]

The Septuagint translators also used the word in two other senses: to signify the twelvemonth of Jubilee (Leviticus 25:ten),^[six] an effect which occurs every 50th year, and in several passages of chronology as an ordinal number.^[ii] The term has also been used in the literature of Hellenistic Judaism by Philo of Alexandria and Josephus.^[5]

Groundwork [edit]

In Judaism the Festival of Weeks (Hebrew: שבועות Shavuot) is a harvest festival that is celebrated vii weeks and one day after the first mean solar day of Passover (the Feast of Unleavened Breadstuff) in Deuteronomy 16:9 or seven weeks and ane 24-hour interval afterward the Sabbath referred to in Leviticus 23:16.^[11] The Festival of Weeks is also called the feast of Harvest in Exodus 23:16 and the day of first fruits in Numbers 28:26.^[12] In Exodus 34:22 it is chosen the "firstfruits of the wheat harvest."^[13] The appointment for the "Banquet of Weeks" originally came the solar day later on 7 total weeks post-obit the beginning harvest of grain.^{[14] [xv]} In Jewish tradition the fiftieth mean solar day was known equally the Festival of Weeks.^{[12] [13]} The actual mention of fifty days comes from Leviticus 23:16.^{[3] [16]}

During the Hellenistic period, the ancient harvest festival too became a day of renewing the Noahic covenant, described in Genesis ix:viii-17, which is established betwixt God and "all flesh that is upon the earth".^[9] Past this time, some Jews were already living in Diaspora. According to Acts ii:5-11 there were Jews from "every nation under heaven" in Jerusalem, possibly visiting the city as pilgrims during Pentecost. In detail the hoi epidemountes ( οἱ ἐπιδημοῦντες ) are identified every bit "visitors" to Jerusalem from Rome. This group of visitors includes both Jews and "proselytes" ( προσήλυτος , prosēlytos); sometimes translated every bit "converts to Judaism", proselyte referred to non-Jews who adhered fully to the Mosaic laws, including circumcision.^[17] The list of nations represented in the biblical text includes Parthians, Medes, Elamites, Mesopotamia, Judaea,^[iii] Cappadocia, Pontus, Asia, Phrygia, Pamphylia, Egypt, Cyrene, and those who were visiting from Rome.^[xviii] Scholars have speculated virtually a possible earlier literary source for the list of nations including an astrological list by Paul of Alexandria and diverse references to the Jewish diaspora by writers of the Second Temple era (particularly Philo of Alexandria).^[xix]

After the destruction of the Temple in 70 AD offerings could no longer be brought to the Temple and the focus of the festival shifted from agriculture to the Israelites receiving the Torah (the V Books of Moses or the Law at Sinai). Information technology became customary to assemble at synagogue, stay up all night learning Torah, and reading from the Torah the X Commandments and the Israelites acceptance of and promise to live by the Torah.^{[ citation needed ] [20]}

New Testament [edit]

The narrative in Acts 2 of the Pentecost includes numerous references to earlier biblical narratives like the Tower of Boom-boom, and the flood and cosmos narratives from the Volume of Genesis. Information technology as well includes references to certain theophanies, with sure emphasis on God's incarnate appearance on biblical Mount Sinai when the Ten Commandments were presented to Moses.^[9] Theologian Stephen Wilson has described the narrative as "exceptionally obscure" and various points of disagreement persist among bible scholars.^[19]

Some biblical commentators have sought to found that the οἶκος (house) given as the location of the events in Acts ii:ii was 1 of the thirty halls of the Temple where St Johns school is now placed (chosen οἶκοι ), just the text itself is defective in specific details. Richard C. H. Lenskhi and other scholars contend that the author of Acts could accept chosen the give-and-take ἱερόν (sanctuary or temple) if this meaning were intended, rather than "house".^{[17] [22]} Some semantic details suggest that the "house" could be the "upper room" ( ὑπερῷον ) mentioned in Acts 1:12-26, just at that place is no literary evidence to ostend the location with certainty and it remains a field of study of dispute amid scholars.^{[9] [17]}

Acts [edit]

This 1472 map of Jerusalem notes the place of the Pentecost, Ubi apostoli acceperunt spiritum sanctum, at the location of the Cenacle.

The events of Acts Chapter 2 are set up confronting the backdrop of the celebration of Pentecost in Jerusalem. There are several major features to the Pentecost narrative presented in the second chapter of the Acts of the Apostles. The author begins by noting that the disciples of Jesus "were all together in i place" on the "twenty-four hour period of Pentecost" ( ἡμέρα τῆς Πεντηκοστῆς ).^{[Acts 2:1]} The verb used in Acts 2:i to bespeak the inflow of the solar day of Pentecost carries a connotation of fulfillment.^{[22] [23] [24]}

In that location is a "mighty rushing wind" (current of air is a common symbol for the Holy Spirit)^{[24] [25]} and "tongues as of fire" appear.^{[Acts 2:three]} The gathered disciples were "filled with the Holy Spirit, and began to speak in other tongues as the Spirit gave them utterance".^{[Acts 2:iv]} Some scholars have interpreted the passage as a reference to the multitude of languages spoken past the gathered disciples,^{[Acts 2:6–11]} while others take taken the reference to "tongues" ( γλῶσσαι ) to signify ecstatic speech communication.^{[19] [ane Corinthians fourteen]} In Christian tradition, this event represents fulfillment of the promise that Christ will cognominate his followers with the Holy Spirit.^{[22] [Acts 1:v] [John fourteen:16–17]} (Out of the four New Testament gospels, the distinction between baptism by water and the baptism by Christ with "Holy Spirit and fire" is only found in Matthew and Luke.)^{[Luke three:16] [26]}

The narrative in Acts evokes the symbolism of Jesus' baptism in the Hashemite kingdom of jordan River, and the kickoff of his ministry, past explicitly connecting the earlier prophecy of John the Baptist to the baptism of the disciples with the Holy Spirit on the mean solar day of Pentecost.^{[17] [Acts ane:five] [Acts 11:16]} The timing of the narrative during the law giving festival of Pentecost symbolizes both continuity with the giving of the police, just also the cardinal role of the Holy Spirit for the early Church. The central role of Christ in Christian religion signified a central theological separation from the traditional Jewish faith, which was grounded in the Torah and Mosaic Law.^[17]

Peter's sermon in Acts 2:fourteen–36 stresses the resurrection and exaltation.^[7] In his sermon, Peter quotes Joel two:28–32 and Psalm 16 to indicate that first Pentecost marks the start of the Messianic Age. About i hundred and twenty followers of Christ (Acts i:15) were present, including the Twelve Apostles (Matthias was Judas' replacement) (Acts 1:xiii, 26), Jesus' mother Mary, other female disciples and his brothers (Acts 1:14). While those on whom the Spirit had descended were speaking in many languages, the Campaigner Peter stood upwardly with the 11 and proclaimed to the crowd that this event was the fulfillment of the prophecy.^{[Joel 2:28–29]} In Acts 2:17, it reads: "'And in the last days,' God says, 'I will cascade out my spirit upon every sort of flesh, and your sons and your daughters will prophesy and your young men will run into visions and your one-time men will dream dreams." He also mentions (Acts two:15) that it was the 3rd hour of the solar day (nigh 9:00 am). Acts two:41 then reports: "And then they that gladly received his word were baptized: and the same twenty-four hour period there were added unto them about three yard souls."^{[Acts 2:41]} Disquisitional scholars believe some features of the narrative are theological constructions. Scholars believe that even if the Pentecost narrative is not literally truthful, it does signify an important event in the history of the early on Church which enabled the rapid spread of Christianity. Within a few decades of import congregations had been established in all major cities of the Roman Empire.^[7]

Biblical commentator Richard C. H. Lenski has noted that the apply of the term "Pentecost" in Acts is a reference to the Jewish festival. He writes that a well-defined, singled-out Christian commemoration did not exist until subsequently years, when Christians kept the proper name of "Pentecost" merely began to calculate the date of the banquet based on Easter rather than Passover.^[22]

Peter stated that this effect was the commencement of a continual outpouring that would be available to all believers from that indicate on, Jews and Gentiles alike.^[27]

Leo's sermons [edit]

Scholars believe that Pope Leo I'southward Sermons 75–77 were given on Pentecost Sunday. In these sermons, dating to the 5th century, Leo discusses Macedonianism, which the Catholic Church denounced as heresy because Macedonianism considered the Holy Spirit inferior to the Father and Son, thereby undermining the Trinity. He also denounces Manichean doctrine on the Holy Spirit, which taught that the Holy Spirit was nowadays in Mani. Leo discusses other Catholic doctrine pertaining to the Holy Spirit, especially emphasizing the Spirit's human relationship to the Male parent and Son of the Trinity and the Catholic Church. He draws an illustration between Jewish practices and the Christian feast day: "As in one case to the Hebrew people, freed from Egypt, the law was given on Mt. Sinai on the fiftieth day after the sacrifice of the lamb, so later the Passion of the Christ when the true Lamb of God was killed, on the fiftieth mean solar day from his Resurrection, the Holy Spirit came downwardly on the apostles and the community of believers."^[28] Leo calls this the Second Covenant and says that it is "established by the same Spirit who has prepare upwardly the beginning". He describes the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the disciples on Pentecost every bit the fulfillment of a "long-awaited hope".^[28]

Counterfeit/Deuterocanonical books [edit]

In Tobit 2:1 Pentēkostē is used as an alternate name for the Jewish holiday of Shavuot.^[29] The NABRE translation of this passage reads: "on our festival of Pentecost, the holy banquet of Weeks".^[30]

Liturgical celebration [edit]

Eastern churches [edit]

In the Coptic Orthodox Church building of Alexandria, Pentecost is one of the seven Major "Lord'due south Feasts". In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Pentecost is one of the Orthodox Nifty Feasts and is considered to be the highest ranking Great Feast of the Lord, 2d in rank only to Pascha (Easter). The service is celebrated with an All-dark Acuity on the eve of the feast day, and the Divine Liturgy on the day of the feast itself. Orthodox churches are often decorated with greenery and flowers on this feast day, and the celebration is intentionally like to the Jewish holiday of Shavuot, which celebrates the giving of the Mosaic Police force.

The feast itself lasts three days. The first twenty-four hour period is known every bit "Trinity Sunday"; the second day is known every bit "Spirit Monday" (or "Mon of the Holy Spirit"); and the third day, Tuesday, is called the "Third Day of the Trinity."^[31] The Afterfeast of Pentecost lasts for one week, during which fasting is not permitted, fifty-fifty on Midweek and Fri. In the Orthodox Tradition, the liturgical color used at Pentecost is greenish, and the clergy and faithful carry flowers and green branches in their hands during the services.

All of the remaining days of the ecclesiastical twelvemonth, until the preparation for the side by side Neat Lent, are named for the twenty-four hour period subsequently Pentecost on which they occur (for instance, the 13th Tuesday After Pentecost).

The Orthodox icon of the feast depicts the Twelve Apostles seated in a semicircle (sometimes the Theotokos (Virgin Mary) is shown sitting in the heart of them). At the top of the icon, the Holy Spirit, in the form of tongues of burn down, is descending upon them. At the bottom is an allegorical figure, called Kosmos, which symbolizes the world. Although Kosmos is crowned with earthly glory he sits in the darkness caused by the ignorance of God. He is holding a towel on which have been placed 12 scrolls, representing the education of the Twelve Apostles.

Kneeling Prayer [edit]

An extraordinary service chosen the "Kneeling Prayer" is observed on the dark of Pentecost. This is a Vespers service to which are added three sets of long poetical prayers, the limerick of Saint Basil the Nifty, during which everyone makes a full prostration, touching their foreheads to the flooring (prostrations in church building having been forbidden from the mean solar day of Pascha (Easter) up to this point). Uniquely, these prayers include a petition for all of those in hell, that they may exist granted relief and even ultimate release from their confinement, if God deems this possible.^[32] In the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, information technology is observed at the time of ninth hour (3:00 pm) on the Dominicus of Pentecost.

Apostles' Fast [edit]

The 2d Monday after Pentecost is the kickoff of the Apostles' Fast (which continues until the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul on June 29). Theologically, Orthodox do not consider Pentecost to be the "birthday" of the Church; they encounter the Church building as having existed earlier the creation of the world (cf. The Shepherd of Hermas)^[33] In the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, the "Apostles Fast" has a fixed finish date on the fifth of the Coptic month of Epip [which currently falls on July 12, which is equivalent to June 29, due to the current xiii-day Julian-Gregorian calendar offset]. The fifth of Epip is the commemoration of the Martyrdom of St. Peter and Paul.

Western churches [edit]

The liturgical celebrations of Pentecost in Western churches are as rich and varied equally those in the E. The typical image of Pentecost in the West is that of the Virgin Mary seated centrally and prominently among the disciples with flames resting on the crowns of their heads. Occasionally, departing clouds suggesting the action of the "mighty wind",^[34] rays of light and the Pigeon are also depicted. Of grade, the Western iconographic style is less static and stylized than that of the East, and other very dissimilar representations have been produced, and, in some cases, have accomplished great fame such every bit the Pentecosts by Titian, Giotto, and el Greco.

St. Paul already in the 1st century notes the importance of this festival to the early on Christian communities. (See: Acts 20:16 & 1 Corinthians 16:8) Since the lifetime of some who may accept been eyewitnesses, annual celebrations of the descent of the Holy Spirit accept been observed. Before the Second Vatican Council Pentecost Mon equally well was a Holy 24-hour interval of Obligation during which the Catholic Church building addressed the newly baptized and confirmed. After the council, Pentecost Monday is no longer solemnized.

Nonetheless, Pentecost Mon remains an official festival in many Protestant churches, such as the (Lutheran) Church of Sweden, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, and others. In the Byzantine Catholic Rite Pentecost Monday is no longer a Holy Day of Obligation, but rather a simple holiday. In the Boggling Form of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church, as at Easter, the liturgical rank of Monday and Tuesday of Pentecost week is a Double of the Offset Class^[35] and beyond many Western denominations, Pentecost is celebrated with an octave culminating on Trinity Sunday. However, in the modern Roman Rite (Ordinary Form), Pentecost ends after Evening Prayer on the feast day itself, with Ordinary Time resuming the next solar day.

The Pentecost depicted in a 14th-century Missal

Marking the festival'south importance, as the primary feast of the Church and the fulfilment of Christ'southward purpose in coming into the world, namely bringing the Holy Spirit which had departed with Adam and Eve'south autumn, back into the world, all 33 following Sundays are "Sundays subsequently Pentecost" in the Orthodox Church building. In several Heterodox denominations, such as the Lutheran, Episcopal, and United Methodist churches, and formerly in the Roman Cosmic Church building, all the Sundays from the vacation itself until Appearance in late Nov or December are designated the 2d, 3rd, Nth, Lord's day after Pentecost, etc. Throughout the yr, in Roman Catholic piety, Pentecost is the third of the Glorious Mysteries of the Holy Rosary, too as existence 1 of the Stations of the Resurrection or Via Lucis.

In some Evangelical and Pentecostal churches, where there is less emphasis on the liturgical year, Pentecost may still be one of the greatest celebrations in the twelvemonth, such every bit in Federal republic of germany or Romania. In other cases, Pentecost may exist ignored as a holy 24-hour interval in these churches. In many evangelical churches in the United States, the secular holiday, Mother's Mean solar day, may be more celebrated than the ancient and biblical banquet of Pentecost.^[36] Some evangelicals and Pentecostals are observing the liturgical calendar and detect Pentecost as a twenty-four hour period to teach the Gifts of the Holy Spirit.^{[ clarification needed ]}

Beyond denominational lines Pentecost has been an opportunity for Christians to honor the office of the Holy Spirit in their lives, and celebrate the birth of the Church in an ecumenical context.^{[37] [38]}

Cherry symbolism [edit]

A Protestant church building altar, busy for Pentecost with ruby-red called-for candles and red banners and altar material depicting the movement of the Holy Spirit

The main sign of Pentecost in the West is the colour carmine. Information technology symbolizes joy and the burn down of the Holy Spirit.

Priests or ministers, and choirs wear red vestments, and in modernistic times, the custom has extended to the lay people of the congregation wearing red clothing in commemoration as well. Red banners are often hung from walls or ceilings to symbolize the blowing of the "mighty wind"^[34] and the free movement of the Spirit.^[39]

In some cases, red fans, or cherry-red handkerchiefs, are distributed to the congregation to exist waved during the procession, etc. Other congregations have incorporated the employ of reddish balloons, signifying the "Birthday of the Church". These may exist borne by the congregants, decorate the sanctuary, or released all at once.

Flowers, fruits, and branches [edit]

A Protestant church altar and font, decorated for Pentecost with cherry flowering plants and green birch branches

The celebrations may depict symbols of the Holy Spirit, such equally the dove or flames, symbols of the church building such as Noah's Ark and the Pomegranate, or particularly within Protestant churches of Reformed and Evangelical traditions, words rather than images naming for example, the gifts and Fruits of the Spirit. Ruby flowers at the altar/preaching area, and cherry flowering plants such as geraniums around the church building are also typical decorations for Pentecost masses/services. These symbolize the renewal of life, the coming of the warmth of summer, and the growth of the church building at and from the first Pentecost.^[40] In the southern hemisphere, for instance, in southern Australia, Pentecost comes in the mellow autumntide, after the often great heat of summer, and the cerise leaves of the poinsettia take oftentimes been used to decorate churches then.

These flowers often play an of import role in the ancestral rites, and other rites, of the item congregation. For case, in both Protestant and Catholic churches, the plants brought in to decorate for the vacation may be each "sponsored" by individuals in memory of a item loved one, or in honor of a living person on a significant occasion, such as their Confirmation day.^[40]

In High german speaking and other Central European countries, and also in overseas congregations originating from these countries through migration, green branches are too traditionally used to decorate churches for Pentecost. Birch is the tree about typically associated with this practice in Europe, merely other species are employed in different climates.^{[ citation needed ]}

Lowering of doves [edit]

Holy Ghost hole, Saints Peter and Paul Church in Söll

In the Center Ages, cathedrals and great churches throughout Western Europe were fitted with a peculiar architectural feature known every bit a Holy Ghost hole: a small circular opening in the roof that symbolized the archway of the Holy Spirit into the midst of the congregation. At Pentecost, these Holy Ghost holes would be decorated with flowers, and sometimes a dove figure lowered through into the church building while the narrative of Pentecost was read. Holy Ghost holes can still be seen today in European churches such as Canterbury Cathedral.^[41]

Similarly, a large two dimensional pigeon effigy would be, and in some places still is, cut from wood, painted, and decorated with flowers, to exist lowered over the congregation, peculiarly during the singing of the sequence hymn, or Veni Creator Spiritus. In other places, particularly Sicily and the Italian peninsula, rose petals were and are thrown from the galleries over the congregation, recalling the tongues of fire. (see below) In modern times, this exercise has been revived, and adapted as well, to include the strewing of origami doves from higher up or suspending them, sometimes by the hundreds, from the ceiling.^[42]

Hymns and music [edit]

The singing of Pentecost hymns is also central to the commemoration in the Western tradition. Hymns such as Martin Luther's "Komm, Heiliger Geist, Herre Gott" (Come, Holy Spirit, God and Lord),^{[43] [44]} Charles Wesley'due south "Spirit of Religion Come Downwardly"^{[45] [46]} and "Come Holy Ghost Our Hearts Inspire"^[47] or Hildegard von Bingen'south "O Holy Spirit Root of Life"^{[48] [49]} are pop. Some traditional hymns of Pentecost make reference non only to themes relating to the Holy Spirit or the church, but to folk customs connected to the vacation as well, such every bit the decorating with greenish branches.^[50] Other hymns include "Oh that I had a Grand Voices" ("O daß ich tausend Zungen hätte")^{[51] [52]} past German language, Johann Mentzer Poetry two: "Ye forest leaves so dark-green and tender, that trip the light fantastic toe for joy in summer air…" or "O Twenty-four hours Full of Grace" ("Den signede Dag")^[53] by Dane, N. F. South. Grundtvig verse 3: "Yea were every tree endowed with speech and every leaflet singing…".

As Pentecost closes the Easter Flavor in the Roman Catholic Church, the dismissal with the double alleluia is sung at the end of Mass.^[54] The Paschal Candle is removed from the sanctuary at the end of the solar day. In the Roman Catholic Church, Veni Sancte Spiritus is the sequence hymn for the Day of Pentecost. This has been translated into many languages and is sung in many denominations today. As an invocation of the Holy Spirit, Veni Creator Spiritus is sung during liturgical celebrations on the feast of Pentecost.^{[55] [56]}

Trumpeters or contumely ensembles are often peculiarly contracted to accompany singing and provide special music at Pentecost services, recalling the Sound of the mighty current of air.^[34] While this practice is mutual amongst a wide spectrum of Western denominations (Eastern Churches do not utilize instrumental accompaniment in their worship) it is especially typical, and distinctive to the heritage of the Moravian Church.^[57]

Another custom is reading the appointed Scripture lessons in multiple foreign languages recounting the speaking in tongues recorded in Acts two:4–12.^[58]

Fasting and devotions [edit]

For some Protestants, the nine days betwixt Ascent Day, and Pentecost are prepare bated as a time of fasting and universal prayer in honour of the disciples' time of prayer and unity awaiting the Holy Spirit. Similarly among Roman Catholics, special Pentecost novenas are prayed. The Pentecost Novena is considered the get-go novena, all other novenas prayed in preparation of various feasts deriving their practice from those original nine days of prayer observed by the disciples of Christ.

While the Eve of Pentecost was traditionally a day of fasting for Catholics, contemporary catechism constabulary no longer requires information technology. Both Catholics and Protestants may agree spiritual retreats, prayer vigils, and litanies in the days leading up to Pentecost. In some cases vigils on the Eve of Pentecost may last all night. Pentecost is also one of the occasions specially appointed for the Lutheran Litany to be sung.^[59]

Sacraments [edit]

From the early days of Western Christianity, Pentecost became i of the days set aside to celebrate Baptism. In Northern Europe Pentecost was preferred even over Easter for this rite, as the temperatures in late jump might exist supposed to be more than conducive to outdoor immersion as was and so the practice. Information technology is proposed that the term Whit Sunday derives from the custom of the newly baptized wearing white clothing, and from the white vestments worn past the clergy in English language liturgical uses. The vacation was besides one of the three days each twelvemonth (along with Christmas and Easter) Roman Catholics were required to confess and receive Holy Communion in society to remain in good ecclesiastical continuing.^[60]

Holy Communion is likewise ofttimes a feature of the Protestant observance of Pentecost too. It is one of the relatively few Sundays some Reformed denominations may offer the communion meal, and is one of the days of the year peculiarly appointed among Moravians for the celebration of their Love Feasts. Ordinations are historic across a wide array of Western denominations at Pentecost, or almost to it. In some denominations, for case the Lutheran Church, even if an ordination or consecration of a deaconess is not historic on Pentecost, the liturgical color volition invariably be crimson, and the theme of the service volition be the Holy Spirit.

To a higher place all, Pentecost is a twenty-four hour period to hold Confirmation celebrations for youth. Flowers, the wearing of white robes or white dresses recalling Baptism, rites such as the laying on of hands, and vibrant singing play prominent roles on these joyous occasions, the blossoming of Spring forming an equal analogy with the blossoming of youth.

Rosalia [edit]

A popular tradition arose in both due west and east of decorating the church with roses on Pentecost, leading to a popular designation of Pentecost as Latin: Festa Rosalia or "Rose Feast"; in Greek this became ρουσάλια ( rousália ).^[61] This led to Rusalii becoming the Romanian linguistic communication term for the feast, as well as the Neapolitan pop designation Pasca rusata ("rosey Easter").^{[ commendation needed ]} In modern times, the term in Greek refers to the eve of Pentecost, not Pentecost itself; or, in the case of Megara in Attica, to the Monday and Tuesday after Pascha,^[62] as roses are often used during the whole liturgical flavor of the Pentecostarion, not simply Pentecost. John Chrysostom warned his flock not to allow this custom to replace spiritually adorning themselves with virtue in reception of the Fruits of the Holy Spirit.^[61]

Mariology [edit]

A secular iconography in both Western and Eastern Churches reflects the belief of the presence of the Blessed Virgin Mary on the mean solar day of Pentecost and her central part in the divine concession of the souvenir of the Holy Spirit to the Apostles. Acts i.14 confirms the presence of the Mother of Jesus with the Twelve in a spiritual communion of daily prayer. Information technology is the unique reference to the Female parent of God after Jesus' entrusting to Saint John the Evangelist during the Crucifixion.

According to that iconographic tradition, the Latin encyclical Mystici Corporis Christi officially stated:

She information technology was through her powerful prayers obtained that the spirit of our Divine Redeemer, already given on the Cross, should be bestowed, accompanied past miraculous gifts, on the newly founded Church at Pentecost; and finally, bearing with courage and conviction the tremendous burden of her sorrows and desolation, she, truly the Queen of Martyrs, more than all the true-blue "filled up those things that are wanting of the sufferings of Christ...for His Body, which is the Church"; and she continues to have for the Mystical Torso of Christ, born of the pierced Heart of the Savior, the same motherly care and ardent beloved with which she cherished and fed the Babe Jesus in the crib.

—Pope Pius XII, Mystici Corporis Christi, 2 March 1943^[63]

The Catholic and the Orthodox Churches accord the Female parent of God a special grade of veneration called hyperdulia. It corresponds to the special power of intercessory prayers dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary over those of all saints. Popes have stated that Mary prayed to God and her intercession was capable to persuade God to send the Holy Spirit as a permanent gift to the Twelve and their successors, thus forming the Apostolic Church building.

In a similar fashion, Pope John Paul II in the full general audition held in Vatican on May 28, 1997, affirmed:

Retracing the class of the Virgin Mary's life, the Second Vatican Council recalls her presence in the community waiting for Pentecost. "But since it had pleased God not to manifest solemnly the mystery of the conservancy of the human race before he would pour forth the Spirit promised by Christ, we run across the Apostles earlier the day of Pentecost 'persevering with i mind in prayer with the women and Mary the Mother of Jesus, and with his brethren' (Acts 1:14), and nosotros likewise run across Mary past her prayers imploring the gift of the Spirit, who had already overshadowed her in the Annunciation" (Lumen gentium, n.59). The first community is the prelude to the birth of the Church building; the Blessed Virgin's presence helps to sketch her definitive features, a fruit of the souvenir of Pentecost. [...]

In contemplating Mary's powerful intercession as she waits for the Holy Spirit, Christians of every age take oftentimes had recourse to her intercession on the long and tiring journey to salvation, in order to receive the gifts of the Paraclete in greater abundance. [...]

In the Church and for the Church, mindful of Jesus' promise, she waits for Pentecost and implores a multiplicity of gifts for anybody, in accordance with each one'due south personality and mission.

—Pope John Paul II, Full general Audience, 28 May 1997, Rome^[64]

The Marian intercessory prayer is dated to the day before Pentecost; while it is not explicitly stated that she was with the Apostles, it is in consideration of the fact she was called "full of grace" by the Archangel Gabriel at the Proclamation.

Music [edit]

Several hymns were written and composed for Pentecost, the earliest in use today being Veni Creator Spiritus in (Come, Creator Spirit), attributed to the ninth-century Rabanus Maurus, and translated throughout the centuries in dissimilar languages.

This one and some more are suitable also for other occasions imploring the Holy Spirit, such every bit ordinations and coronations, as well as the beginning of school years.

Classical compositions [edit]

The Lutheran church of the Baroque observed 3 days of Pentecost. Some composers wrote sacred cantatas to exist performed in the church services of these days. Johann Sebastian Bach composed several cantatas for Pentecost, including Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten! BWV 172, in 1714 and Also hat Gott die Welt geliebt, BWV 68, in 1725. Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel wrote cantatas such as Werdet voll Geistes (Get total of spirit) in 1737.^[65] Mozart equanimous an antiphon Veni Sancte Spiritus in 1768.

Gustav Mahler equanimous a setting of Maurus' hymn "Veni, Creator Spiritus" as the starting time part of his Symphony No. 8, premiered in 1910.

Olivier Messiaen equanimous an organ mass Messe de la Pentecôte in 1949/50. In 1964 Fritz Werner wrote an oratorio for Pentecost Veni, sancte spiritus (Come up, Holy Spirit) on the sequence Veni Sancte Spiritus, and Jani Christou wrote Tongues of Burn down, a Pentecost oratorio. Richard Hillert wrote a Motet for the Day of Pentecost for choir, vibraphone, and prepared electronic tape in 1969. Violeta Dinescu composed Pfingstoratorium, an oratorio for Pentecost for five soloists, mixed chorus and small orchestra in 1993. Daniel Elder'due south 21st century slice, "Factus est Repente", for a cappella choir, was premiered in 2013.

Regional customs and traditions [edit]

In Italia it was customary to scatter rose petals from the ceiling of the churches to recall the miracle of the fiery tongues; hence in Sicily and elsewhere in Italy, the feast is called Pasqua rosatum. The Italian name Pasqua rossa comes from the red colours of the vestments used on Whitsunday.^[66]

In France it was customary to blow trumpets during Mass, to recall the sound of the mighty wind which accompanied the Descent of the Holy Spirit.^[66]

In the northwest of England, church and chapel parades called Whit Walks take identify at Whitsun (sometimes on Whit Friday, the Friday later Whitsun).^[67] Typically, the parades contain brass bands and choirs; girls attending are dressed in white. Traditionally, Whit Fairs (sometimes chosen Whitsun Ales)^[68] took place. Other customs such equally morris dancing^[69] and cheese rolling^[seventy] are also associated with Whitsun. "Whitsunday" has been the proper name of the 24-hour interval in the Church of England. (The Book of Common Prayer just once uses the word "Pentecost" for the festival. Though some^{[ who? ]} call back that proper noun derives from white clothes worn by newly baptised in Eastertide, it may well be seen as derived from "wit", hence "wisdom", the reference being to Holy Wisdom (Sancta Sophia, Hagia Sophia), referred to in Proverbs and the Book of Wisdom, with which the Holy Spirit has frequently been identified.

In Finland there is a saying known virtually past everyone which translates equally "if one has no sweetheart until Pentecost, he/she will not have it during the whole summertime."^[71]

In Port Vila, the capital of Vanuatu, people originating from Pentecost Island usually gloat their isle's name-day with a special church service followed by cultural events such as dancing.^{[ commendation needed ]}

In Ukraine the springtime feast twenty-four hour period of Zeleni Sviata became associated with the Pentecost. (The exact origin of the relationship is not known). The customs for the festival were performed in the post-obit order: get-go, dwelling house and hearth would be cleaned; second, foods were prepared for the festival; finally, homes and churches were decorated with wildflowers and various types of green herbs and plants. A seven course meal may have been served equally the Pentecost banquet which may have included traditional dishes such as cereal with dear (kolyvo), rice or millet grains with milk, sauerkraut soup (kapusniak), chicken broth with handmade noodles (iushka z zaterkoiu), cheese turnovers (pyrizhky syrom), roast pork, buckwheat cakes served with eggs and cheese (blyntsi), and baked kasha.^[72]

Engagement and public holiday [edit]

The earliest possible date is May 10 (as in 1818 and 2285). The latest possible engagement is June 13 (as in 1943 and 2038). The day of Pentecost is 7 weeks afterward Easter Sun: that is to say, the fiftieth mean solar day subsequently Easter inclusive of Easter Sunday.^[73] Pentecost may also refer to the l days from Easter to Pentecost Dominicus inclusive of both.^[74] Because Easter itself has no fixed engagement, this makes Pentecost a moveable feast.^[75]

While Eastern Christianity treats Pentecost as the final day of Easter in its liturgies, in the Roman liturgy it is usually a divide feast.^[76] The 50 days from Easter Dominicus to Pentecost Sunday may also exist called Eastertide.^[76]

Since Pentecost itself is on a Sun, it is automatically considered to be a public vacation in countries with large Christian denominations.

Pentecost Mon is a public vacation in many countries including Andorra, Republic of austria, Belgium, Benin, Cyprus, Kingdom of denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of hungary, Republic of iceland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Romania (since 2008), Senegal, (most parts of) Switzerland, Togo and Ukraine.

In Sweden it was also a public holiday, but Pentecost Mon (Annandag Pingst) was replaced by Swedish National 24-hour interval on June 6, by a government decision on Dec 15, 2004. In Italy and Malta, it is no longer a public holiday. Information technology was a public vacation in Republic of ireland until 1973, when it was replaced by Early Summer Holiday on the first Mon in June. In the Uk the day is known as Whit Mon, and was a banking company vacation until 1967 when it was replaced by the Spring Bank Holiday on the last Monday in May. In France, following reactions to the implementation of the Journée de solidarité envers les personnes âgées, Pentecost Monday has been reestablished as a regular (not every bit a working) holiday on May 3, 2005.^[77]

Literary allusions [edit]

Co-ordinate to legend, Rex Arthur always gathered all his knights at the round table for a banquet and a quest on Pentecost:

And so e'er the king had a custom that at the feast of Pentecost in especial, afore other feasts in the year, he would not become that day to meat until he had heard or seen of a groovy curiosity. ^[78]

German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe alleged Pentecost "das liebliche Fest" – the lovely Feast, in a selection past the aforementioned name in his Reineke Fuchs.

Pfingsten, das liebliche Fest, war gekommen;

es grünten und blühten Feld und Wald;

auf Hügeln und Höhn, in Büschen und Hecken

Übten ein fröhliches Lied die neuermunterten Vögel;

Jede Wiese sprosste von Blumen in duftenden Gründen,

Festlich heiter glänzte der Himmel und farbig die Erde.^[79]

"Pfingsten, das liebliche Fest", speaks of Pentecost as a fourth dimension of greening and blooming in fields, forest, hills, mountains, bushes and hedges, of birds singing new songs, meadows sprouting fragrant flowers, and of festive sunshine gleaming from the skies and coloring the earth – iconic lines idealizing the Pentecost holidays in the German-speaking lands.

Further, Goethe records an erstwhile peasant saying relating to Pentecost in his "Sankt-Rochus-Fest zu Bingen"^[fourscore] – Ripe strawberries at Pentecost hateful a expert vino crop.

Alexandre Dumas, père mentions of Pentecost in 20 Years After (French: Vingt ans après), the sequel to The Three Musketeers. A meal is planned for the holiday, to which La Ramée, second in command of the prison, is invited, and by which contrivance, the Duke is able to escape. He speaks sarcastically of the festival to his jailor, foreshadowing his escape : "Now, what has Pentecost to do with me? Do you fear, say, that the Holy Ghost may come down in the course of fiery tongues and open the gates of my prison?" ^[81]

William Shakespeare mentions Pentecost in a line from Romeo and Juliet Deed 1, Scene V. At the brawl at his habitation, Capulet speaks in refuting an overestimate of the time elapsed since he terminal danced: "What, man? 'Tis not so much, 'tis not and so much! 'Tis since the nuptial of Lucentio, Come Pentecost equally quickly every bit it volition, Some five-and-20 years, and so we mask'd." ^[82] Note hither the innuendo to the tradition of mumming, Morris dancing and wedding celebrations at Pentecost.

See also [edit]

• Acts 2
• Pentecontad calendar
• Pentecost flavour
• Seven deacons (in Jerusalem and St. Philip in Ashdod)

Notes [edit]

1. ^ The Greek term used for Shavuot in the Septuagint translation of Deuteronomy 16:10 and Exodus 34:22 is ἑορτὴν ἑβδομάδων ( heortēn hebdomdádōn ), often translated into English as "Festival of Weeks."^{[iii] [4]}
2. ^ As function of the phrase ἐπ᾽ αὐτὴν ἔτους πεντηκοστοῦ καὶ ἑκατοστοῦ ^[10]( ep autēn etous pentēkastou kai hekatostou , "in the hundred and fiftieth twelvemonth", or some variation of the phrase in combination with other numbers to define a precise number of years, and sometimes months. Meet: "... in the hundred and fiftieth year..."1 Maccabees half dozen:20, "In the hundred and ane and fiftieth twelvemonth..."1 Maccabees 7:1, " Likewise the first month of the hundred fifty and 2d year..." 1 Maccabees 9:iii, with other examples at 1 Maccabees 9:54, and 2 Maccabees 14:4.^{[half dozen]}
3. ^ In that location is significant disagreement amongst modern scholars near the interpretation of "Judea" in Acts two:ix. Tertullian and Augustine accept rendered the "Judea" of Acts 2:9 equally Armeniam (Armenia), while Jerome has called it Syria, and John Chrysostom has associated it with India. Additional possibilities including Cilicia, Ionia and Lydia have been suggested by modern scholars.

References [edit]

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3. ^ ^{a b} Bratcher, Robert G; Hatton, Howard (2000). A handbook on Deuteronomy. New York: United Bible Societies. ISBN978-0-8267-0104-6.
4. ^ Deuteronomy 16:ten
5. ^ ^{a b} Danker, Frederick Due west; Arndt, William; Bauer, Walter (2000). A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature. Chicago: Academy of Chicago Printing. ISBN978-0-226-03933-vi.
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7. ^ ^{a b c} Bromiley, Geoffrey William, ed. (2009). "Pentecost". The International standard Bible encyclopedia (2 ed.). K Rapids, Michigan: W.B. Eerdmans.
8. ^ Tobit 2:12 Maccabees 12:32
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34. ^ ^{a b c} Acts 2:2
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39. ^ John 3:viii
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71. ^ "Did You Ever Wonder... about Pentecost Traditions?". Trinity Lutheran Church . Retrieved 2019-06-17 .
72. ^ Farley, Marta Pisetska (1990). "Pentecost". Festive Ukrainian Cooking. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 78–84. doi:10.2307/j.ctt7zwbs9.11. ISBN978-0-8229-3646-6. JSTOR j.ctt7zwbs9.11.
73. ^ "Pentecost". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2017-07-eleven. Retrieved 2017-06-03 . Pentecost... major festival in the Christian church, celebrated on the Sun that falls on the 50th mean solar day afterwards Easter.
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External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pentecost.

• Pentecost on RE:Quest Archived 2012-04-xix at the Wayback Machine
• A drove of 22 prayers for Pentecost
• "Pentecost" article from the Catholic Encyclopedia
• "Pentecost" commodity from the Jewish Encyclopedia
• Feast of Pentecost Greek Orthodox Archdiocese
• Explanation of the Feast from the Handbook for Church building Servers (Nastolnaya Kniga) by Sergei Five. Bulgakov
• The Primary Event: The Church Takes Center Phase from [1] Hawkeye'south Landing Kickoff Baptist Church building in McDonough, Georgia.

Sundays of the Easter wheel
Preceded by Seventh Sunday of Easter	Pentecost June 5, 2022	Succeeded by Trinity Sunday

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost

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